Pigeons are one of the most common birds found in cities across the United States. They perch on rooftops, gather in parks, and are often viewed as a nuisance by property owners. But even though pigeons may seem ordinary, harming or killing them is far from a simple matter. Killing pigeons can be illegal under federal, state, and local laws depending on the circumstances. Understanding these rules is essential before taking any action that could lead to civil fines or even criminal penalties.
Federal Law: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA) remains one of the strongest wildlife protection laws in the United States. It protects more than 1,000 bird species — and many people are surprised to learn that most pigeons fall under this federal protection.
● Rock Pigeons Are Not Protected Under MBTA
Rock pigeons (the common city pigeons) are not classified as migratory birds under the MBTA. This means that federal law does not prohibit killing or trapping rock pigeons, as long as the activity is legal under state and local rules.
● Band-Tailed Pigeons and Other Wild Pigeons Are Protected
Not all pigeons fall into the same category. Species like band-tailed pigeons, passenger pigeons (now extinct), and some regional wild pigeon species are covered under MBTA protections.
Killing, capturing, or possessing these birds without federal authorization is a serious federal offense.
Penalty under MBTA:
- Fines up to $15,000 per violation
- Up to six months in federal jail
State Laws: Additional Restrictions Still Apply
Even though federal law may not protect common city pigeons, every state has its own wildlife regulations, and many regulate how pigeons may be killed or controlled.
Common state-level restrictions include:
● Hunting Regulations
In some states, killing pigeons is legal only during designated hunting seasons, with proper permits.
● Animal Cruelty Laws
Every state in the U.S. enforces anti-cruelty statutes.
Using poison, causing unnecessary suffering, or killing pigeons in an inhumane way can lead to misdemeanor or felony cruelty charges.
● Firearm and Weapon Restrictions
Even if killing pigeons is legal, it is unlawful to discharge a gun or dangerous weapon in urban areas. Violating these rules can result in serious criminal charges.
Local Ordinances: City Laws Often Make It Illegal
Cities and counties frequently have laws governing nuisance wildlife, and pigeons are often included.
Local laws typically prohibit:
- Killing pigeons within city limits
- Using traps without a local permit
- Feeding pigeons (in some jurisdictions)
- Using toxic substances or harmful chemicals
Violating municipal wildlife rules can lead to civil fines ranging from $100 to several thousand dollars, depending on the city.
When Killing Pigeons Is Legal
In 2025, killing pigeons may be lawful if all of the following are true:
- The pigeons are rock pigeons, not protected species.
- State wildlife laws allow killing or removal.
- The method used is humane and does not violate animal cruelty laws.
- No city or county ordinance prohibits the action.
- No firearms or dangerous weapons are used in restricted areas.
Because of the risks, many property owners choose licensed pest control or wildlife removal professionals to avoid violating any laws.
Conclusion
While federal law does not protect common city pigeons, state and local laws heavily regulate how they may be removed or euthanized. In many situations, harming pigeons can lead to criminal charges, civil fines, or violations of animal cruelty statutes.
Anyone dealing with a pigeon problem should consult local laws or contact a licensed wildlife control expert to ensure compliance.
